Non-equilibrium condensation of the first Solar System solids

Nature, Published online: 22 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10257-5

A time-dependent model shows chondrite precursors formed by non-equilibrium condensation: cooling rate and pressure alone generate three mineral classes with increasing oxidation, matching enstatite, ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites without large redox variations in the solar nebula.